B1 Poverty 

Atkinson, A., Maynard, A., Trinder, C., "National Assistance and Low Income in 1950." Social Policy and Administration 15(1): 19-31. yes A1c B1 C1a
	
Atkinson, A. B. (1989). Poverty in York: A Re-analysis of Rowntree's 1950 Survey. Poverty and social security. Atkinson, Anthony Barnes., New York; London; Toronto and Sydney: Simon and Schuster International, Harvester Wheatsheaf.: 62-76. yes A1c B1 C1a
	
Atkinson, A. B., et al. (1983). Parents and children : incomes in two generations. London, Heinemann Educational. yes A1c B1 B11 C1a
	
Bryant, R., Bradshaw, J (1971). "Welfare rights and social action: The York Experience ". yes A1d B1 C1a
	
Connelly, P. A. (2011). "Flush with the Past: An Insight into Late Nineteenth-Century Hungate and its Role in Providing a Better Understanding of Urban Development." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 15(4): 607-616. yes A2 B1 B2 C1b
	The discovery in 2007 of the remains of a late nineteenth- to early twentieth-century communal toilet block within the Block E excavations at Hungate, York, has delivered an important insight into the development of the Hungate area across this period. Re-contextualizing this discovery, from the local to the global and back again, challenges the official historical narratives of Hungate and the dissimilar archaeologies of the modern city.

CYC (1995). "Deprivation in the City of York and in Greater York based on the Townsend Index (includes maps, boundaries and enumeration districts 1991} ". yes A1e B2 B1 C1a
	
Dean, H. (1999). Begging questions: street-level economic activity and social policy failure, Policy Press. yes A1b B1 C3
	Presents papers delivered at a Begging and Street Level Economic Activity national day workshop held in September 1998, sponsored by the Social Policy Association. Sets out the historical, political and social context of contemporary begging. Considers begging as global phenomenon and makes international comparisons. Presents the findings of a pilot study involving interviews with beggars in London, York and Edinburgh. Discusses public attitudes to begging and the place of begging in the spectrum of informal economic activity.

Digby, A. (1981). The relief of poverty in Victorian York: attitudes and policies. York, 1831-1981, 150 years of Scientific Endeavour and Social Change. C. H. Feinstein: p. 160-187 : map. A3 B1 C1a
	
Gazeley, I. and A. Newell (2000). "Rowntree revisited: Poverty in Britain, 1900." Explorations in Economic History 37(2): 174-188. yes A1c B1 C1a
	We examine Rowntree's 1900 primary poverty line methodology and suggest that he incorporated assumptions about the needs of children and the extent of scale economics that lead him to overestimate the numbers in primary poverty. We modify Rowntree's primary poverty line using evidence from a contemporaneous household expenditure survey. The results suggest that the primary poverty head-count in York was considerably lower, at 5 to 6% of the population compared to Rowntree's 10%. Taken in conjunction with Feinstein's study of wages, this weakens the evidence for widespread poverty in Britain at the turn of the last century. (C) 2000 Academic Press.

Giles, K. and S. R. Jones (2011). "Poverty in Depth: New International Perspectives." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 15(4): 544-552. yes A2 B1 C1b
	This volume on the archaeology of urban poverty arises from a three-day symposium hosted by York Archaeological Trust and the University of York in July 2009 to establish the wider intellectual framework for the investigation of the nineteenth- and twentieth-century archaeology of the Hungate neighborhood of York. In this opening article, the trajectory of medieval and post-medieval archaeology in Britain is contrasted with historical archaeology in the United States and Australia, and the influence of the pre-modern history of the Hungate neighborhood on its development since 1800 is explored.

Hatton, T. J. and R. E. Bailey (2000). "Seebohm Rowntree and the postwar poverty puzzle." Economic History Review 53(3): 517-543. yes  A1c B1 C1a
	In his third social survey of York carried our in 1950, Seebohm Rowntree reported a steep decline since 1936 of the percentage of households in poverty. He attributed the bulk of this decline to government welfare reforms enacted during and after the war. This article re-examines the surviving records from the 1950 survey, using a revised poverty line and looking more closely at the measurement of income. It also re-assesses the impact of welfare reforms on working-class poverty, and finds that poverty in York was significantly higher, and the contribution of welfare reform substantially less, than was originally reported.

Hooper, C. A. and et al. (2007). "Poverty and 'place': does locality make a difference?" Poverty Issue 128: 7-10 2007. yes A1b B1 C2
	The authors discuss findings from a qualitative study of low-income families in York and London, which aimed to explore the relationships between poverty, parenting and children's well-being in diverse social circumstances by including families living in both deprived and in relatively affluent areas. A total of 70 families took part in the study. Areas discussed include: housing; neighbourhood context; poverty, inequality and social inclusion; access to amenities and services; schools; The data suggests, that each kind of community context may disadvantage families in poverty in substantially different ways, although there were also many similarities.

Huby, M., et al. (1999). A study of town life: living standards in the city of York 100 years after Rowntree, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York Publishing Services Ltd, 64 Hallfield Road, Layerthorpe, York YO3 7XQ. yes A1c B1 C1a
	Provides a comprehensive picture of York as it is today. Examines some of the social problems in the area associated with low incomes, lack of resources, insecurity, stress; and poor quality of life. Describes the changing face of employment and issues concerning education and health. Focuses on low income groups, including those affected by age,; family circumstances, ethnicity or gender. Discusses some of the consequences of low incomes on living standards, self-esteem and quality of life. Compares and contrasts the; 29 electoral wards that make up the area covered by the York unitary authority. Assesses the prevalence of disadvantage and associated social problems in York using national; indicators of poverty. Lists the elements necessary for the development of an anti-poverty strategy. Explains the need for special efforts on behalf of the city to respond to; government employment initiatives. Suggests that much could be done within the community to mitigate the experiences of disadvantage in York.

Mayne, A. (2011). "Beyond Metrics: Reappraising York's Hungate "Slum"." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 15(4): 553-562. yes A2 B1 B2 C1b
	Much of the excitement generated in Britain since 2007 by the York Archaeological Trust's excavations of the city's Hungate neighborhood, which Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree characterized as a "slum" in his pioneering poverty survey of 1901, derives from the unexpected volume and variety of material evidence uncovered about life in a poor community within a modern industrial city. Such material evidence and its often uncertain relationships to other historical data can enhance analysis by complicating understanding of the past, rather than echoing conventional wisdom. Findings from Hungate can thus contribute to nuanced understandings of urban social disadvantage not only at the neighborhood level in this one particular British city, but at the larger scales of analysis that encompass the growth of cities and interacting urban regions in Britain and around the world during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. These understandings have contemporary relevance for a world in which over half of humanity now lives in urban areas, as misconceptions about "slums" continue to undermine efforts to reduce urban inequality.

Page, D. (2006). Respect and renewal: a study of neighbourhood social regeneration, Joseph Rowntree Foundation. yes A1e B1 B8 C3
	Focuses on the Partnership Initiatives for Communities (PICs) programme, which aimed to look for the causes of social exclusion in three disadvantaged communities in council; estates in need of modernisation, and to see what could be done to tackle these problems through a soft regeneration approach, by investing in people-based projects in each of; the areas. Provides an overview of the policy context of PICs. Discusses two significant strands of theory relating to current area regeneration policy. Looks at the choice; of the three areas included in the PICs programme - Wakefield, York and the London Borough of Lewisham. Summarises the findings of the initial research. Reports the main; problem issues encountered and the social dynamics on each of the estates. Compares and contrasts the experiences of social exclusion in each of the three areas. Draws some; lessons from the outcomes of the PICs programme. Summary available, see PLANEX Ref. A6771.

Richardson, P. (1978). Fuel poverty : a study of fuel expenditure among low income council tenants. Heslington (Heslington, York YO1 5DD), University of York, Department of Social Administration and Social Work, CDP Unit. yes A1a B1 C1a
	
Rowntree, B. S. (1902). Poverty: a study of town life. London, MacMillan. yes A1a B1 C1a
	
Rowntree, B. S. (1941). Poverty and progress: a second social survey of York. London, Longmans, Green & Co. Ltd. yes A1a B1 C1a
	
Rowntree, B. S. and B. Lasker (1911). Unemployment: a social study Year. London, Macmillan. yes A1a B1 C1a
	
Rowntree, B. S. and G. R. Lavers (1951). Poverty and the welfare state : a third social survey of York dealing only with economic questions. London, Longmans. yes A1a b1 C1a
	
S.B., R. (1941). "Poverty and Progress: a second social survey of York." yes A1a B1 C1a
	
Symonds, J. (2011). "The Poverty Trap: Or, Why Poverty is Not About the Individual." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 15(4): 563-571. yes A2 B1 C1b
	Poverty is often thought of as an inevitable social condition, and the blame for any shortcomings in governmental welfare policies is frequently placed upon the failings of individuals, markets, and demography. By exploring the influence of neoliberal politics on archaeologies of slum-life this article makes the case that less emphasis should be placed upon the perceived failings of individuals and more effort should be placed on recovering the complex social networks which sustained community-life within Hungate and other so-called urban slums.

Upton, M. (1980). "Reviving Rowntree: Poverty Lines and the Levels of Social Security Benefits for the Unemployed; 1950-1978." Social Policy and Administration 14(1): 36-46. yes A1c B1 C1a
	Since the publication of B. Abel-Smith's & P. Townsend's "The Poor and the Poorest" (Occasional Papers on Social Administration, No. 17, London, 1965), National Assistance benefit levels (&, after 1966, supplementary benefit levels) have been widely used as "poverty lines" to measure the extent of income poverty in the UK. The above means of calculating the numbers in poverty are shown to be inaccurate & inappropriate. Each time social security benefit levels are raised, the numbers considered to be in poverty increase due to the identification of the poverty line with the benefit level. This absurd situation can be eradicated by the establishment of poverty lines that are independent of benefit levels. Three such poverty lines are constructed, to cover the period 1950-1978, for the family unit of man, wife, & three children. Based on the data produced by B. S. Rowntree & G. R. Lavers in Poverty and the Welfare State: A Third Study at York (1952; no additional publication information provided), the first "line" is a price-based measure accounting for the impact of inflation on the value of minimum needs. In accordance with the emergence of the concept of "relative poverty" since 1950, the second line is a wage-based extrapolation of Rowntree's data. To accommodate the changing incidence of taxation & cash benefits to the employed, the third line is a net wage extrapolation of Rowntree's poverty standard. 4 Tables, 1 Graph. Modified AA.

Walker, J., et al. (2011). "Poverty in Depth : a New Dialogue." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 15, NUMB 4: 629-636. yes A2 B1 C1b
	
Wilson, V. (1996) "Rich in all but money: Life in Hungate 1900-1938". yes A2 B1 C1b. ((Y942.843))
	
Wilson, V. and C. Kightly (2006). The Walmgate story. [York], Voyager Publications. yes A3 B1 C1b
	
York Province Convocation (1919). Poverty of the clergy : Convocation of York : Report of the joint committee on the poverty of the clergy. [York, W.H.Smith & Son. yes A1a B1 C3